Bengaluru is India's IT city and outsourcing capital of the world . It is also capital city of the state of Karnataka.
Bengaluru previously Bendakaluru was founded by Kempe Gowda I, who built a mud fort at the site in 1537. It has been developed over the years into an industrial and technological hub in India.
Gangas, Cholas and Hoysalas
The Gangas ruled Gangavadi from Kolar starting c. 350 and later shifted their capital to Talakadu.Their rule often extended over large parts of Tamil Nadu. An article, published in The Hindu, states:
- An inscription, dating back to 890 AD, shows Bengaluru is over 1,000 years old. But it stands neglected at the Parvathi Nageshwara Temple in Begur near the city ... written inhale Kannada (old Kannada) of the 9th Century, the epigraph refers to a Bengaluru war in 890 AD in which Buttanachetty, a servant of Nagatta, died.
Though this has been recorded by historian R. Narasimhachar in his "Epigraphia of Carnatica" (Vol. 10 supplementary), no efforts have been made to preserve it. The inscription stone found near Begur reveals, that the district was part of the Ganga kingdom ruled from Gangavadi until 1024 C.E and was known as 'Benga-val-oru', the City of Guards in oldKannada.
Edgar Thurston (Castes and Tribes of India Volume 5) states that the Kongu region was ruled by a series of twenty eight kings before being conquered by the Cholas of Tanjore, citing the earliest portion of the Kongu Chronicle - Kongu Desa Rajakkal (a manuscript in The Mackenzie Collection) which gives a series of short notices of the reigns of all the kings who ruled the country from the start of the Christian era till its conquest by the Cholas. These kings belonged to two distinct dynasties: the earlier line of the Solar racewhich had a succession of seven kings of the Ratti tribe, and the later line of the Ganga race, itself claimed to be a branch of the Solar race.
In the year 1120 AD, the Hoysala King, Veera Ballala ruled the Deccan plateau or the South of India. On a hunting trip in the forest he lost his way. After a long search he met an old lady in the forest who offered him shelter for the night and served him some boiled beans for dinner. To show his gratitude to this lady for having saved his life, the King constructed a town and named it as Benda Kalooru which means town of boiled beans. Later in 1537, a local chieftain, Kempe Gowda helped design this town and give it its modern shape.
In 1024 C.E, the Chola Empire captured the city. Today, little evidence can be seen of this period. A small village in south Bengaluru and one inAnantapur district bear the Chola name but the residents are of native stock. The later Gangas often fought alongside the Chalukyas,Rastrakutas and the Hoysalas. In 1117 C.E, the Hoysala king Veera Ballala II defeated the Cholas in the battle of Talakad which led to the downfall of the Chola empire.
A popular anecdote recounts that the 11th-century Hoysala king Veera Ballala II, while on a hunting expedition, lost his way in the forest. Tired and hungry, he came across a poor old woman who served him boiled lady's finger. The grateful king named the place "benda kaal-ooru" (Kannada: ಬೆಂದ ಕಾಳು ಊರು) (literally, "town of boiled beans"), which was eventually colloquialised to "Bengalūru".There are also theories that the name has a floral origin and is derived from the tree Benga or "Ven-kai", also known as the Indian Kino Tree (Pterocarpus marsupium). The city as it is known today was named by Kempe Gowda I.
There is an inscription dated 1628 C.E in the Ranganatha Temple in Telugu. The English translation of which is "Be it well, When Rajadhi-Raja-Parameshwara Vira Pratapa Vira-Maha-Deva Maharaya seated in the Jewel throne was ruling the empire of the world: When of the Asannavakula, the Yelahanka Nadu Prabhu Kempanacharya-Gauni's grandson Kempe Gowda's son, Immadi Kempegaunayya was ruling a peaceful kingdom in righteousness with the decline of the Vijayanagar empire, the eclipse of the rule of Yelahanka Nadu Prabhus took place at the dawn of the 17th century."
Vijayanagara and Kempe Gowda
Kempe Gowda I (1510–1570), Modern Bengaluru was founded by a feudatory of the Vijayanagara Empire, who built a mud fort in 1537. Kempe Gowda also referred to the new town as his "gandu bhoomi" or "Land of Heroes". Within Bangalore, the town was divided into petes (IPA: [pete]) or market. The town had two main streets: Chickkapete Streetran east-west and Doddapete Street ran north-south. Their intersection formed Doddapete square — the heart of then Bangalore. Kempe Gowda's successor, Kempe Gowda II, built temples, tanks including Kempapura and Karanjikere tanks and four watching towers that marked Bengaluru's boundary.
The four watchtowers built at the time in Bengaluru are still seen today.
- in Lal Bagh
- near Kempambudhi tank
- near Ulsoor Lake
- near Mekhri Circle
Sultanate of Bijapur
It was captured by the Maratha chief Shahaji Bhosale, father of Shivaji, then working for the Adil Shahi sultans of Bijapur in 1638. During the siege of Bengaluru, Shivaji's elder brother Sambhaji was killed by Shahaji's rivals, led by the Ghorpade of Mudhol, for which Shivaji was to later exact revenge.
Mughal Influence
After conquering the Sultanate of Bijapur, the Mughals under the commandership of Khasim Khan, then arrived in Bengaluru, which was then ruled by Shivaji's brother Veankoji/ Ekoji Bhonsale as a jagir (fief) of Bijapur in 1686; Vyankoji retreated further south.
The Mughals in turn sold Bengaluru to the Kingdom of Mysore's ruler Chikkadevaraja Wodeyar in 1689 for three lakhs which he had originally negotiated with Venkoji / Ekoji Bhonsle. Bangalore was given as a personal Jahgir by the then Woedeyar King Immadi Krishna Raja Wodeyar to Haider Ali made in 1759. But by 1761 he had become a de facto Ruler and was proclaimed as the Saravadhikari (Regent) of the Kingdom.
Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan
When Hyder Ali died, his son Tipu Sultan deposed the weak Wodeyar, proclaimed himself Sultan. Under Tipu Sultan and Hyder Ali the state progressed economically and trade flourished with many foreign nations through the ports of Mangalore. Several attempts by the British to capture Bengaluru were repulsed by the Mysorean Army, most notably in 1768 when Hyder Ali forced Colonel Nicholson of the British Army to lift his siege of Bengaluru. The French under Napoleon had promised to drive the British from India. Tipu successfully stalled the British in the first, second and third Anglo-Mysore Wars.
Bangalore fort was captured by the British armies under Lord Cornwallis on 21 March 1791 during the Third Anglo-Mysore War and formed a centre for British resistance against Tipu Sultan,[7] being incorporated into the British Indian Empire after Tipu Sultan was defeated and killed in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1799). A prominent role was played by the Madras Sappers in the capture of the Fort and subsequent development of the cantonment and the city. Bangalore is the permanent home of this Indian Army regiment since the mid-nineteenth century.
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